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Although issuing the Ziegler in both New York Point and braille
met the needs of most blind readers, there were still some
people who were most familiar with a reading system dating
back to the 1830's known as Boston Line Type, or simply Line
Type. This was based on the shapes of print letters and was easy
for sighted people to read, not so easy for the blind, even though
the hard-to-detect curved shapes of such letters as "o" and "e"
were modified to incorporate angles (so that "o" was almost
diamond shaped). Always mindful for readers' needs, Walter
Holmes wanted to make it easy for them to become familiar
with either New York Point or braille. To this end, he gave the
key to these raised-dot codes in line type letters of the alphabet
on the cover of each issue. Because sighted people could readily
read Line Type, they could also guide the blind person in
learning one of the dot-based codes. Each issue was therefore, in
fact, produced in three embossed reading systems.
Braille was officially adopted as the standard reading system in
1932, but that did not mean the immediate end of New York
Point. As late as 1937, there were still 2,000 New York Point subscribers, though by then those who preferred braille
numbered 9,000. Indeed, the New York Point edition was
discontinued only in 1963, when its readership had dwindled to
300.
There was also a Moon Type edition, begun in 1934 to serve the
needs of people who lost their eyesight in later years and found
it difficult to learn a dot-based code. Moon Type, invented by a blind man in England, was easier to recognize because it was
based on the shapes of print letters. It took up far more space
than braille, and this edition invariably consisted of an abridged
version of the braille edition.
When braille readers complained to Walter Holmes that the
New York Point edition used contractions, and therefore
contained more material than the braille issue (which without
cuts would require 15 more pages than New York Point) he
listened. As early as 1908, he introduced space-saving
contractions into the braille edition too. As a financially
independent publisher, he could avoid all the intense
controversy surrounding raised-dot codes, and even when
Standard English Braille was accepted throughout the
English-speaking countries in the 1930's, (it is now known as contracted braille) he continued to use a hybrid
version that has more contractions than Grade 1-1/2, but fewer
than Grade 2. Because of his continual contact with large
numbers of blind people, he was well aware that many readers
could not make the transition to the more highly contracted
code.
The various grades of braille differ in the number of
contractions used to save space. For example, "can" is
represented by the single letter "c", "people" by "p", and "very"
by "v"; there are also contractions for frequently occurring
suffixes such as "ing." Full Grade 2 was not adopted by the
magazine until some years after Holmes's death.
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